Batch Reactor As A Plant Engineering Essay

Batch Reactor As A Plant Engineering Essay What is a plant unit. All Equipment that make up a plant can be divided into 3 different categories or levels, the highest being the Plant as a whole, then the plant units and the lowest are the plant items. While the actual plant performs an overall production, the Plant unit refers to the main components of a Plant which perform a major production function of the Plant and without which the Plant can not continue its operations. A Plant unit is made up of items but it can be replaced as a whole (Anthony Kellyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) In this Plant, the Batch Reactor receives raw materials from the raw material storage, processes them for a certain amount of time then transfers them to the centrifuge feed vessel. From the above diagram, it is obvious that the Batch Reactor is a major component of the plant and from its function it is seen that the reactor must process the raw material for progress to be made to the next stage of production. I am therefore concluding this as my explanation as to why the Batch reactor is a plant unit. Explain Your Reasons For Concluding That This Unit Is Critical For Production. Several Factors determine how critical a piece of equipment is to production. They include: Will the Equipment affect safety in the plant? Will the Equipment not working cause downtime in the plant? How easily can the Equipment be maintained? What is the cost of this maintenance? What is the current situation of the Equipment? (Paul Wheelhouse) Now each of the factors can be used to examine the Batch Reactor and after which an educated decision can be made. The Batch Reactor affects the safety in the plant because its function involves the heating of chemicals under pressure and its failure might cause the leakage of these chemicals or at the worst lead to an explosion in the Plant. If the Batch Reactor was to stop working, there would be prolonged downtime until it is fixed; this is due to the fact that the Reactor performs a major function in the Plant without which further production would come to a halt. The Batch Reactor is made up of a number of different items, some of which can be run-to-failure, but for the most an established schedule of maintenance must be made for. Without such a schedule, maintenance would be most difficult to carry out. The cost of maintaining the Batch Reactor may vary but if is not properly attended to; one fault might lead to another even bigger one so the cost of maintaining might increase. The items in the Batch Reactor have a life plan which is currently not being kept to; this means the Equipment requires monitoring to avoid random failure or prolonged breakdown and downtime. On the account of the above facts, it is my belief that the Batch Reactor needs to be labelled as critical. Extract Any User Requirements For This Designated Unit From The Plant Description. Are There Any Production Windows? What are User requirements? This simply refers to the specifications that are inbuilt in a piece of equipment so that it might be able to fulfil the end users needs according to those tasks which it is used to perform. In line with the plant description given on this particular Batch Reactor, a number of user requirements can be ascertained and these are listed below: To receive 18te of raw materials from the raw material storage. To remain sealed and heat its contents through a preset temperature / time profile by use of a temperature control system consisting of a thermocouple in a temperature pocket, a temperature controller and a control valve. That the control valve regulates the supply of low pressure steam. That its temperature alarm signal when the temperature exceeds 1250C. That all safety relief valves work in event of an increase of temperature past the safety limit of 1250C. That the bottom run off valve opens when the operation is complete and releases the contents from the Batch reactor to the centrifuge feed vessel by the discharge pump. That the operation lasts 10 hours only. What is a production window? This is a period during production in which maintenance procedures can be carried out without causing a halt in production. With emphasis on the Batch reactor it can be seen that there is a production window and this can be explained below. While the batch reactor makes 18te of product every 10 hours, the centrifuge processes this product at a rate of 1.5te an hour i.e. it would have completely used up the 18te of product in 12 hours. Since it takes 10 hours for the batch reactor to work, this would give a 2 hour production window in which it can be properly maintained. Also depending on the capacity of the centrifuge storage vessel, it is possible for the batch reactor to work overtime filling this feed vessel up and then be switched off and maintained while the centrifuge is operated using the previously stored produce in the centrifuge feed vessel. Extract Any Corporate Requirements for This Unit From The Plant Description. What are corporate requirements? These are the requirements which the upper management or Business sector of the company running plant desire from its industrial operations in order to make a suitable return on its investments (ROI). From the plant description the following corporate requirements can be made below: That its keeps to its scheduled annual shutdown period of 16 hours during week 40 each year. That all maintenance pertaining to the batch reactor abides by the permit to work system which controls all maintenance activities. That the batch reactor achieves a 25 year life and that the gearboxes achieve a 15 year life as well. That the batch reactor remains well-painted, clean and tidy at all times. Extract Any Legislative Requirements for This Unit From The Plant Description. What are legislative requirements? These are Plant requirements made by the Law, rules or regulations or the Country in which the Plant operates. They must be implemented in order for the plant to avoid sanctions or being shut down. In this particular plant description they include: That the Batch Reactor abides by the rules by the FDA and British pharmaceutical Society put in place for their license holders. All production and maintenance activities involving the Batch reactor comply with the Good Manufacturing practise (GMP). That the processes involving the Batch Reactor are as okayed by the quality standard ISO 9002. That the batch reactor conforms to the environmental standard ISO14000. That if used by the Pharmaceutical inspection team, the batch reactor must pass any risk-based inspections based on a DNV methodology that might be carried out. Comment On If Some of The tasks Designed For Shutdown Could be Done During Production Windows Or When The Plant Is Online. Could Any Of These Tasks Be Designated For Completion During Production Windows Be Completed Online? We have previous explained what production windows are and when a Plant is online refers to when the plant is carrying its usual operational procedures. From the work done previously in section 1.3, we now know that there is a definite 2 hour production window during which the batch reactor can be maintained while the centrifuge is working. In looking at the life plan for the batch reactor unit, there are a certain amount of tasks that could be done in 2 hours and should be moved from shut down to production window, these are: The replacement of the trim of the CV1 every 2 years. The pressure testing and inspection of the SV1 every 6 years. The visual check of the Agitator every 6 years. The SV2 pressure testing and inspection every 6 years. There is only one task put to be completed when there is a production window and it can be done while the Plant is online. This is the weekly visual check on the Agitator coupling, because if it is checked while online it might lead to the location of which wouldnt have being seen if the equipment was offline. Analyse The Recorded Jobs From The Computer Maintenance Management System (CMMS) For This Unit. Is There Any Evidence Which Confirms That The Life Plan Is Being Carried out? Is There Any Evidence To Say If The Life Plan Is Effective Or Not? What is a Life plan? All plant units or manufacturing stages in production are designed to have a certain life. To fulfil this, maintenance plans are put in place to achieve this expected equipment life and if possible, to exceed it. These maintenance plans are called Life plans. (Wheelhouse, 2008) On comparing the life plan of the batch reactor to the computer maintenance management system (CMMS) it can be seen that the life plan isnt being carried out. This is due to the factor that there is a remarkable difference between the standard time taken to maintain every single unit item in the reactor and the actual time the job was done in hours, meaning the maintenance done cannot be adequately planned for and could lead to excessive downtime. It can be seen that for this singular reason the life plan of the batch reactor is not capable of being effective. Use The Figures, Plant Description And The Data From The CMMS To Analyse The Unit Into Its Maintenance Causing Items. Using the figure 1 shown previously and the figure 2 shown directly above as well as the Life plan and the CMMS, the maintenance causing items can be broken down as done bel Batch Chemical Reactor CV1 Agitator Coupling Temperature controller Gearbox Motor bearing Oil seal Agitator Trim Agitator gear box Reactor Vessel Temperature sensor Pump Motor Pump bearing SV1 SV2 P1 V1 Vessel Jacket Figure 3: The Maintenance Causing Items in a Batch Chemical Reactor Develop your own life plan for these maintenance causing items using the task selection logic for Reliability Centred Maintenance. RCM WORK SHEET SYSTEM: CHEMICAL PLANT SUB-SYSTEM: BATCH CHEMICAL REACTOR SUB- SYSTEM FUNCTION FUNTIONAL FAILURE FAILURE MODE FAILURE EFFECT CRITICALITY RESPONSE TIME FREQUENCY CV1 Regulates supply of low Pressure steam Unable to supply Steam at all. Supplies Inadequate steam Faulty Trim Absence or insufficient Supply of steam High Replace trim 3 hrs 2 yearly (Production window) Agitator Motor Gearbox Transmit motion to the Agitator Fails to transmit motion To the Agitator. Broken seal Shortage of lubrication Damaged bearings Worn gear teeth Oil leakage Damage to gearbox Medium Monitor vibrations and check oil seal and condition. 2 hrs (vibration monitoring), 12 mins oil inspection Monthly Vibrations, Daily oil seal checks (Online) Agitator Coupling Connects Agitator motor gearbox to Agitator for motion transmission Doesnt transmit motion From gearbox to agitator. Transmits inadequate Motion. Slackness in fitting Doesnt give agitator The necessary Transmitted motion. Medium Tighten coupling as required. 6 mins Daily (online) Temperature Controller Controls the temperature making sure it doesnt exceed 1250 C Unable to read the correct temperature. Faulty temperature sensor . Increase or reduction of reactor temperature on wrong information. High Recalibrate temperature sensor. 2 hrs 2 year (Production window) SV1 Releases the pressure steam in the vessel during times of alert. Unable to release excess pressure steam Blockage at valve outlet. Crack in valve Pressure steam is not released properly or in time. High Inspect, pressure test and recondition if necessary. 3 hrs 6 yearly (Shutdown) SV2 Releases excess steam in the jacket in times of alert Unable to release excess steam Blockage at valve outlet. Crack in valve Pressure steam is not released properly or in time. High Inspect, pressure test and recondition if necessary 3 hrs Yearly (Production window) Agitator Shakes, stirs mixes the raw materials in the reactor. Unable to stir or mix Raw materials. Damaged blades Eroded surface Raw materials are not mixed properly. Medium Recoat or replace as necessary. 3 hrs Re-coat or replace as necessary.(Shutdown) Jacket Maintain its integrity and contain raw materials during processing. Leakage of materials during processing. Damaged or eroded Parts. Contents leak out causing contamination. High Pressure test and repair as necessary. 5 hrs Yearly (Shutdown) V1 Releases processed material to P1 pump Processed materials not released Leakage of material during release Blockage at valve outlet Crack in valve Contents not released properly. Contents leak out causing contamination. High Leak test and repair if necessary. 15 mins Daily test (Online) P1 Transfer processed materials from reactor to centrifuge feed vessel Leaks material Unable to pump materials at all. Pumps materials at Wrong rate. Replace seal if necessary. Replace pump if necessary. Contents leak. Contents not pumped properly High Condition monitoring Replace seal if necessary Replace pump if necessary. 1.5 hrs (Condition Monitoring) 4 mins (Leak test) Monthly condition Monitoring (Online), Daily leak checks (online) Figure 1.4: Life Plan using RCM logic. Compare and contrast between your Life plan with the one described previously, comment on any similarities and differences. There are a number of ways in which my Life plan differs from the one previously given but there are also ways in which both are similar. Some of them are as listed below: To begin, the first detail that can be noticed when comparing both life plans is that since I used the RCM selection logic, my life plan carries much more details as I included the functions, functional failures, failure modes, failure effect and criticality of each subsystem or item. This will be particularly useful in settling up priorities as the criticality of each subsystem is set at low, medium or high depending on the considerations of safety, performance and impact of the subsystem or item on the rest of the plant. I brainstormed and added more failure modes and their activities than had being previously discovered or had activities planned for in the previous life plan so as to further prepare maintenance personnel to be able to tackle these failures if and when they do occur. I changed the time frame for certain activities to take into consideration the new 2 hour production window that was discovered earlier. This will help reduce the amount tasks that are done during a shutdown and therefore cut down the downtime which the plant undergoes. I increased the amount of time to be used to accomplish most tasks due to the fact that in the previous life plan, insufficient time was allocated to these tasks so therefore they couldnt be planned or executed properly within the targets set for them. Now in terms of similarities, I observed that the preventive maintenance and condition monitoring carried out on the Batch Reactor had ensured breakdowns were kept to a minimum so bearing this in mind, I retained all the activities from the old life plan and continued using them for the various items. I also continued to carry out maintenance activities at the same frequency that was mapped out in the old life plan as I believe that the punctuality with which activities were carried out improved the reliability of the equipment. CHAPTER 2 Describe The Philosophy of Total Productive Maintenance. What is TPM? Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) refers to a management system for optimizing the productivity of manufacturing equipment through systematic equipment maintenance involving employees at all levels.   Under TPM, everyone is involved in keeping the equipment in good working order to minimize production losses from equipment repairs, assists, set-ups, and the like. (http://www.siliconfareast.com/tpm.htm). The goal of TPM is to increase production while at the same time boosting employee morale and job satisfaction. (Venkatesh. J) This is possible because there would be less downtime as TPM is carried out by the Operators on the items or machinery which they use as they, the maintainers and Designers work as a team towards the total elimination of equipment defects in the Plant (Paul Wheelhouse). History of TPM TPM is a Japanese idea that can be traced back to 1951 when preventive maintenance was introduced into Japan from the USA. Nippondenso, part of Toyota, was the first company in Japan to introduce plant wide preventive maintenance in 1960. In preventive maintenance operators produced goods using machines and the maintenance group was dedicated to the work of maintaining those machines. However with the high level of automation of Nippondenso, maintenance became a problem as so many more maintenance personnel were now required. So the management decided that the routine maintenance of equipment would now be carried out by the operators themselves. This is known as Autonomous maintenance, one of the features of TPM. The maintenance group then focussed only on maintenance works for upgrades. For pioneering TPM, Nippondenso became the 1st company to receive TPM certification (wikipedia). Why Use TPM? For TPM to be used in an Organisation, everyone from senior management to the operators on the floor must be carried along and made to understand why this particular system is being used. For this to happen effectively, the Motives, Objectives and benefits must be fully stated out and properly absorbed. The table below gives a generic illustration: Motives of TPM Adoption of life cycle approach for improving the overall performance of production equipment. Improving productivity by highly motivated workers which is achieved by job enlargement. The use of voluntary small group activities for identifying the cause of failure, possible plant and equipment modifications. Uniqueness of TPM The major difference between TPM and other concepts is that the operators are also made to involve in the maintenance process. The concept of I (Production operators) Operate, You (Maintenance department) fix is not followed. TPM Objectives Achieve Zero Defects, Zero Breakdown and Zero accidents in all functional areas of the organization. Involve people in all levels of organization. Form different teams to reduce defects and Self Maintenance. Direct benefits of TPM Increase productivity and OPE (Overall Plant Efficiency ) by 1.5 or 2 times. Rectify customer complaints. Reduce the manufacturing cost by 30%. Satisfy the customers needs by 100 % (Delivering the right quantity at the right time, in the required quality.) Reduce accidents. Follow pollution control measures. Indirect benefits of TPM Higher confidence level among the employees. Keep the work place clean, neat and attractive. Favourable change in the attitude of the operators. Achieve goals by working as team. Horizontal deployment of a new concept in all areas of the organization. Share knowledge and experience. The workers get a feeling of owning the machine. Figure 4 .TPM table Source: An Introduction to Total Productive Maintenance (Venkatesh. J) For TPM to start properly, the OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) should be calculated and a loss analysis performed to give both a baseline for continuous upgrading and ascertain the improvement priorities. This will allow the operator/core maintenance team to prioritize and then tackle the 6 classic losses of: Breakdowns Set-ups and changeovers Running at reduced speeds Minor stops and idling Quality defects, scrap, yield and rework Starting up losses The above losses add to the direct costs. Implementation of TPM attacks these and other direct (visible) costs as well as indirect (hidden) costs and follows each step in the production and supply chain from Management to the human resources to the Machine to the process, then to suppliers and finally to the customers (Willmott and McCarthy). Components of TPM Figure 4: Pillars of TPM Source: An Introduction to Total Productive Maintenance (Venkatesh. J) As shown above, TPM is made up of 8 main aspects which when combined present the full TPM package. They are: The 5 S which are primarily the foundation of TPM and involve organising the workplace. These are sorting, systematising, sweeping, standardising and self-discipline. Autonomous maintenance which refers to the operators handling most or in cases all of the maintenance concerning the machines which they operate. Kobetsu Kaizen means small improvements or changes for the better of the organisation. Planned maintenance entails scheduled maintenance which is done to ensure trouble free machines and equipments producing defect free products for total customer satisfaction. Quality maintenance is aimed at providing customer satisfaction by providing the highest quality through defect free manufacturing. Training to give employees a multi skilled edge. Office TPM to ensure administrative efficiency as well. Safety, health and environmental awareness to ensure zero accidents, zero health damages and zero fires (Venkatesh. J). Describe a Case Study Where TPM has been successfully applied The case study which I wish to use is that of RHP Bearings. This RHP Bearings branch which is in Blackburn, manufactures cast iron bearing housings for a variety of uses from agricultural machinery to fairground rides, and is one of seven RHP manufacturing sites in Europe owned by Japanese group NSK, the worlds second largest bearings manufacturer. How TPM was carried out. NSK acquired RHP in 1990, when the Blackburn site was under the imminent threat of closure because of high costs and the subsequent lack of competitiveness. Employing a staff of 93, TPM was then introduced to the site in 1993 but it didnt see much success till 1996 due to the fact that the earlier efforts to drive TPM had been largely theoretical and the workforce faded to see its relevance to the everyday running of the plant. In 1996 a maintenance company was brought in to do a scoping study of the plant, conduct a workshop and support two pilot TPM projects. The Plant Manager and the TPM facilitator then began to implement measures to ensure TPM was made directly relevant to the jobs of the staff. Operators were sent off to climb over their machines and log problems through a detailed condition appraisal, to establish a foundation for future TPM improvements. TPM was piloted on two key machines, the PGM core making machine in the foundry and the Shiftnal sphering machine in the machine shop, using a detailed seven-step TPM implementation programme: Collection and calculation of Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) Data Assessing the six losses Criticality assessment and condition appraisal Risk assessment Refurbishment plan Asset care and best practice routines Regular review for problem solving TPM is applied to machines of all ages from new to 30 years old, ensuring that older machinery is brought up to modern specification and newer machinery is kept in as-new condition. The TPM was applied at the site by 9 different equipment teams focusing on specific machinery and involving 60% of the workforce. These teams included operators, maintainers, quality technicians and group leaders also drawing on help from personnel with specialist skills when necessary. Each Team developed a standard routine for their respective machines using: Autonomous Maintenance System (AMS) boards which show a schematic of the machine then tags with labels to show losses affecting availability, performance and quality. These labels are then used to generate TPM agendas for team meetings. TPM step notices which illustrate the machines progress in TPM seven step programme. Mainpac database which is used to gather machine performance details and calculate the OEE. Key performance indicators which the teams use to accesses their improvement and progress in areas of waste sand, Gas emissions, Kaizen, Customer returns, lost time incidents, injurious accidents, Audit and product conformance. Each team then has an activity board covering subjects such as milestone activities and previous days conformance result among others. To ensure TPM succeeded, Teams had to dedicate substantial time to carrying out laid down activities and held meetings as needed. Benefits of TPM Implementing TPM had both direct and indirect effect on the production system a combination of which generated major savings at RHP, Blackburn. Major Site-wide benefits were scored in the following areas: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬400,000 running costs saved Unit cost reduced by 21% Scrap reduced by 8% Attracting increased capital investment currently at 15% of turnover and Customer returns reduced by 11% Increased customer satisfaction Improved safety record Environmental and quality awards Improvement in staff morale The two key machines (The Shiftnal sphering and the PGM core making machine) also had major total cost saving OEE improvements as well as other time saving and cost reduction achievements making the TPM well worth it (Willmott and McCarthy). Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM) As Applied in a Section of a Plant What is RCM? RCM is a method for developing and selecting maintenance alternatives based on safety, operational and economical criteria. RCM employs a system perspective in its analyses of system functions, failures of functions and prevention of these functions (Jones, R.B). So RCM requires in-depth of the machinery, detailing all logic problems and their maintenance solutions and as such can be quite time consuming, for this reason it is usually used only on the critical equipment. The use of RCM methodology requires that 7 questions be answered: What are the functions of the Asset? What are the functional failures? What causes the functional failures? What happens when the failure occurs? How much does each failure matter? Can we predict or prevent failure and should we be doing so? How should we manage the failure if prediction or prevention is not an option?(Paul Wheelhouse) Now in order to answer the above questions, a System analysis process is used to begin RCM on any section of the plant. This System process will implement several steps, all of which define and characterize RCM and will methodically delineate the information required for the maintenance: Step 1. System selection and Information collection: Taking decisions as to what level of the plant at which to do the RCM and also choosing this system or section based on criticality i.e. based on function and impact on plant and environment. Step 2. System Boundary Definition: This involves creating an accurate list of what is or is not part of the section so an accurate list of components can identified and to establish what comes in and what leaves the System(IN and OUT interfaces). This is necessary to ensure the accuracy of the Systems analysis process. Step 3. System description and functional Block diagram: This is used to identify and document the essential details of a system that are needed to perform the remaining steps in a thorough and technical fashion. The five separate items are developed in this step: System Description Functional Block Diagram IN/OUT interfaces System Component list Equipment history Step 4. System Functions and Functional failures: involves classifying each OUT interface of the system into its functions and identifying the failures which might hinder these functions. Step 5. Failure Mode and Effect analysis (FMEA): involves analyzing each component failure to discover which have the potential to disruption their function and then detailing what exactly these effects could be. This is done using functional failure-equipment matrix. Step 6. Logic (Decision) Tree Analysis (LTA): the failure modes which pass through effects analysis will now go through this process. The purpose of this step is to further prioritize the emphasis and resources that should be devoted to each failure mode on the basis that all Authority (TVA). TVA is a power production plant wholly owed by the US government and equipment, functions and failures are not the same. The LTA identifies the failure modes in 3 aspects: Safety Downtime Economics (Finance) Step 7. Task selection: In this step, applicable maintenance tasks which are most effective to combat the detailed failure modes are listed, at the same time decisions on whether to run-to-failure or design out

Burqas Should Not Be Banned

Religion and Society Article Assignment. Articles used – 3A and 3B. The Burqa. Sylvie Maclean. A Burqa is an article of clothing that is generally considered as a religious statement. The Burqa consists of full robes and a mesh veil over the eyes. There are other options of robes that can be worn including the Hijab and the Niqab, where the eyes remain uncovered. According to come interpretations of the Islamic sacred text – the Koran (Qur’an) – women must wear a full veil in order to be modest. Many Muslims wear the Burqa because it is symbolises and is a part of their spiritual journey, so they wear it by choice.While others wear the Burqa because they believe they have to, as it is one of the commandments of god to dress modestly. There are many Muslims who choose not to wear the Burqa at all. They may opt for a simple headscarf and normal clothing; they also can wear the Hijab or Niqab. But then again there are many Muslims who choose to dress in norma l clothes, therefore bringing no attention to their religion. Not wearing the headscarf or robes does not make a person any more religious, nor does wearing the Burqa make someone more religious than another Muslim who is not wearing any religious clothing at all.Just through reading articles A and B, we see that there is a lot of controversy involved in this topic, and something I would like to address is how we have the right to tell others how to dress when their clothing choice brings no harm upon us and is a completely individual and personal choice. Image Source: http://www. hopeitw. com/knowledge/abaya-niqab-burqachadordupatta-hijab/#sthash. OXN8dy8O. dpbs Image Source: http://www. hopeitw. com/knowledge/abaya-niqab-burqachadordupatta-hijab/#sthash. OXN8dy8O. dpbs Throughout article A ‘Why I’m proud to wear the Burqa’ we see examples of the controversies over the banning in France.The author – Oumkheyr – is a Muslim woman who wears the full B urqa by choice, and is being strongly threatened by the French Government where a ban of Burqas may soon be implemented. Oumkheyr says â€Å"I really believe that France is scared of Muslims, which is the motivation for this law, but people shouldn't generalize as not all Muslims are the same. Yes, some have done terrible things, but it is done in the name of man, never in the name of God. † But, although in the Koran there are verses that say some hateful things like â€Å"slay them wherever you catch them† (Quran 2:191), these quotes are taken completely out of context.The rest of that particular quote is as follows â€Å"fight in the cause of God those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for God loves not transgressors. And slay them wherever you catch them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out; for tumult and oppression are worse than slaughter†¦ But if they cease, God is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful†¦ If they cease, let there b e no hostility except to those who practice oppression† (2:190-193). The Koran gives messages of hope, faith and peace.It’s easy to take something out of context and quote it, but it means that what was originally being said loses all meaning. Linking back to the Burqa ban, maybe the French government would stop being so scared of muslims if someone actually bothered to read the full quote. Oumkheyr makes some very strong points in her article, that everyone should take into consideration when deciding their personal opinion of the Burqa ban proposal. The second article, ‘The Burqa is a war on women’ addresses the reasoning for a ban. The author – Virginia Haussegger – has successfully outlined the views of many non-muslims.Within the first two lines Ms Haussegger has already accused the Burqa of subjectifying women, and stated that the reason for wearing the Burqa is what ‘God Demands’. What the author doesn’t seem to real ise is that for the majority of muslims, wearing the Burqa is a personal choice, and most say they don’t think it is a ‘demand’ as such, but more of a way to become more in touch with god and the rest of their religion. Some Islamic tectsstate that women should dress modestly, but wearing the Burqa is the individuals’ decision, and it reflects on the individuals’ values and beliefs about the word ‘modesty’.This article brings up many points about equality. Saying that while ‘men roam free while women wear a sackcloth that dehumanises them. Although it is true that Muslim men do not walk around shrouded head to toe, this is for a reason that Haussegger seems to have forgotten: women’s bodies are constantly being subjectified and having their bodies sexualized, and men are not. Although this is not necersarily the ‘politically correct’ thing to say, it is the truth, and wearing the Burqa is a way for this to stop .The author does have some very valid points on the subject of actual legitimacy of the commandment about the Burqa, but even if the Koran does not state ‘Women must cover their face and bodies to hide from public view’, the Burqa, Hijab, and Niqab are just clothes. By reading these articles it is clear to see that both authors are fighting for the rights of Muslim women. Although Virginia Haussegger clearly believes that by wearing the Burqa women are being further objectified, both authors agree that what we wear is our choice and no one elses.Muslims live by their holy text and if the individual interprets its commandments to believe that to be a good muslim you must wear the burqa, then that it their choice, and freedom of choice is a human right that we should all have. What Haussegger sadly doesn’t appear to understand is that no matter how a Muslim chooses to dress, their beliefs are the same and they are living by the same god, so banning one article of c lothing cannot change how the individual will behave.My opinion on the Burqa is that although the outfit may be somewhat demeaning, it is a personal choice that I will never fully understand. Now that I have done further research into the topic I understand the choices and decisions that are made when the Burqa is concerned, and I am definitely more open to other people’s opinions. I think it is completely unreasonable for non-muslims to call a ban on the Burqa as it is a human right that we are free to express ourselves however we see fit, and if this is how some Muslims choose to express their religion, then good for them.Form| Title| URL| Date accessed| Article| Should Burqas Be Banned? | http://middleeast. about. com/u/ua/religionsectarianism/burqa-hijab-ban. htm| 14/03/2013| Book| Islam beliefs and teachings| Written by Ghulam Sarwar| 20/03/2013| Article| We too should ban the Burqa| http://www. telegraph. co. uk/comment/columnists/allison-pearson/8449101/We-too-should-b an-the-burka. html| 23/03/2013| Article| Europe must not ban the burka| http://www. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2010/mar/08/europe-ban-burqa-veil|

The Spread of the Plague - 1671 Words

The word plague means a dangerous disease that quickly spreads and causes death. Alexander Yersin identified the cause of the bubonic plague. He discovered that the disease was being caused by a deadly bacterium which he named after himself, Yersinia pestis. Yersin worked with a scientist named Pasteur in France to develop a treatment to fight the plague. Yersin was the first to suggest that rats and fleas were the main cause for the spreading of the plague. Symptoms of the plague emerge after one to seven days which include fever, swelling in the regional lymph nodes in the groin, armpit, or neck. In most cases the bacterium spread to the bloodstream and central nervous system resulting in death 100 percent of the time. There are actually three types of plague; the most common was the bubonic plague. â€Å"The disease in humans has three clinical forms: bubonic pneumonic and septicemia. 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One plague, the Black Death, began in 1348. Another plague, the Great Plague, began in 1665. Both of these outbreaks killed a substantial amount of the population at the time. The plague exists in two forms: bubonic and pneumonic. A bubonic plague is spread by flea bites and results in painful sores on the body. A pneumonic form of the plague is airborne and spread by coughing and sneezingRead MoreThe Black Death : Introduction1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe Black Death was a plague that originated in China in 1334 (Chase). The plague eventually spread through trade routes where it found its way into Europe. When it reached Europe it spread like wildfire and ended up killing approximately sixty percent of the population there. With the amount of havoc and people dieing it led to great change all throughout Europe. This could be both a positive and negative for the future to come. When lots of people d ied from the plague it allowed for many jobsRead MoreBubonic Plague1154 Words   |  5 PagesBubonic plague is believed to have brought the Byzantine empire to its knees in the 6th century. This is the first ever documented record of bubonic plague in human history. But the fact that bubonic plague continues to afflict human population even today is a matter of concern. Your bubonic plague research paper would revolve around the premise of it being a deadly disease, but we assure you that we won’t scare you by the facts. Bubonic plague is typically differentiated from other infections becauseRead MoreThe Plague Of The Black Plague1261 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Plague is a disease that spread around the world and killed many people. There are three different types of the plague; Bubonic, Septicemic, and Pneumonic (Dugdale). The Black Plague effected Europe greatly and effected there way of life. It came to Europe around the 1300s and had a great impact on society in the 1500s (History). Important parts of the black plague are the different types of the plague, how they spread, treatments for them, and effects the plague had on Europe in the 1500sRead MoreBubonic Plague Research Paper1709 Words   |  7 PagesBubonic plague is an infectious disease that is spread by the bacteria Yersinia pestis. These bacteria remain in a dormant state primarily in a rat flea’s foregut. Once the flea has bitten a victim it regurgitates the contents in its foregut into the bite location. Once the bacterium has entered into a mammal’s warm body it begins to reproduce and spread throughout the mammal’s body. The reproduction of this bacterium creates large painful swollen lymph nodes which are called buboes. Once these buboesRead MoreBlack Death : The Black Plague768 Words   |  4 PagesThe Black Plague is known as the most fatal disease in the worlds history! The disease killed nearly one-third of Europe’s population in the fourteenth c entury. The Black Plague is also known as the Black Death and was transmitted to humans by rodents such as rats and spread due to extremely unsanitary living conditions. European cities such as Paris and London were most devastatingly affected by the Black Plague The Black Plague is transmitted from fleas to rodents such as rats or mice to humansRead More Review of The Black Death Essay854 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscusses the causes and results of the plague that devastated medieval Europe. It focuses on the many effects it had on the culture of medieval Europe and the possibility that it expedited cultural change. I found that Robert S. Gottfried had two main theses in the book. He argued that rodent and insect life cycles, as well as the changing of weather systems affect plague. He claimed that the devastation plague causes is partly due to its perpetual recurrences. Plague ravaged Europe in cycles, devastatedRead MoreThe Epidemic Of The Bubonic Plague1226 Words   |  5 PagesEpidemiology The prevalence of disease in the thirteenth century was very common in Europe,and Africa, later on spread to parts of Asia. Currently the bubonic is not that common but is still infecting a small portion of the earth. The Bubonic Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia Pestis, a zoonotic bacteria, usually found in small animals and their fleas. It is transmitted between animals and humans by the bite of infected fleas, direct contact, inhalation and rarely, ingestion

Existentialism In Being Zack Morris, By Chuck Klosterman

The article, â€Å"Being Zack Morris,† by Chuck Klosterman seeks to show how humans look at the world existentially through the show Saved by the Bell. Existentialism means affirming or implying the existence of a thing. Klosterman used Saved by the Bell to not only show how most of reality is not real but to show how humans interpret or apply their own meaning objectively. Saved by the Bell was a fictional show about high school students. â€Å"The writers of Saved by the Bell always seemed to suggest that most adolescents are exactly the same and exist solely as props for the popular kids, which was probably true at most American high schools.† (140) What happens when one looks at culture that is ultimately not real as being representative of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"You’d think Zack’s unconventional relationship with an authority figure would be the least of Joel’s concerns.† (141) Surprisingly it was his only ever complaint on a show where Zack could pause time and â€Å"oil was discovered under the football team’s goalpost.† (141) The intriguing part of Joel and humans as a whole is not having an aesthetic perspective every once in a while; but, rather his distinction between what seems real and what is not. By the same token, Klosterman says, â€Å"Every decision they made was generated by whatever the audience would expect them to do; it was almost like the people watching the show wrote the dialogue.† (143) Psychoanalytically, the show was written for the imagination of high school students. What the student would expect (i.e. stereotypical ending) the show would perform. The episode where the cast goes to a party and Zack decides to drink and drive is an example of this. â€Å"If these kids drink and drive, they will have to have a bad accident- but no one will actually die, because we all deserve a second chance.† (143) NBC’s purpose of this episode was to teach kids to not drink and drive. Existentially, students took it as you can drink and drive and only face minor consequences. After all, all the members of the cast survived. â€Å"People tend to be more impressed by the packaging of the jewel case than the songs themselves, and they end up

Helen Keller Being Blind And Deaf - 1589 Words

People take their abilities and lifestyle for granted every day because they have not experienced having very little and being limited in their everyday lives. Many do not know what it is like to lose something or have so little so they do not appreciate the small gifts and opportunities in life that can easily be taken away. â€Å"The things we take for granted, someone else is praying for.† This quote is explains how the food fortunate people eat every day, the clothes bought regularly, and cars people ride in each day, other people yearn for. Helen Keller was not only blind, but also deaf and for a good part of her life, she did not have the luxury of seeing or hearing which is taken for granted. Sometimes many people lose their sight or hearing and after, they realize how grateful they were for having that sense at the time and appreciate their senses more. As a child, Helen struggled to adapt to be being blind and deaf. Due to her handicap, Helen did not have as many of t he opportunities in life that the majority of people do. Living a life of both blindness and deafness is a huge challenge, but Helen Keller is proof that people can overcome the challenges of being blind and deaf and still go on with life accomplishing goals. By learning the Tadoma Method to communicate with other people,by touching lips to feel the vibrations of the speaker, and spelling words in the palm of her hand, Helen has proven that anything is possible. Later in life, she became the first blind andShow MoreRelatedHelen Keller: A True Hero Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pagesovercoming said Helen Keller, a woman who faced many obstacles in her life (Fun). Most people dont dedicate their lives to help others, especially if they have disabilities themselves, but Helen Keller is a different story. At 19 months old, Helen Keller was diagnosed with a disease that led her to be deaf and blind. A true hero is someone who is dedicated to help others in need no matter the circumstances/s truggle he or she faces, never gives up, and is an inspiration for others. Helen Keller is a heroRead More Helen Keller Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesHelen Keller Imagine a life without being able to see or hear and not knowing how to communicate with anyone around you. That world of darkness is what Helen Keller lived in for six years. Helen Keller has been an inspiration to people ever since she turned six. From 1886-1960, she proved herself to be a creative and inspiring woman of America. She was a writer and lecturer who fought for the rights of disadvantaged people all over the world. Most importantly, she overcame her two mostRead MoreReasons to Admire Helen Keller683 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Helen Keller The individual I have chosen for this paper is Helen Keller. The reason behind my selection is simple. I admire Helen Keller because she was a unique lady who despite her disability i.e. blindness, rose above those who had the blessing of sight. She was, without a doubt, an exceptional individual who helped others to help themselves. She was a blessing for people around her and gave people at a disadvantage the chance for working towards acquiring prosperity and inner satisfactionRead MoreHelen Keller Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesHelen Keller is has changed the hearing, the deaf, and the blind culture. She inspired so many people to push beyond their limits and showed that, even the girl everyone called ‘dumb’ can be more than that. Keller was born in Tuscumbia, Alabama in a small town on the Ivy Green Estate. On July 27th 1880, she was a perfectly normal baby, she could hear, and see. Until she was 19 months old she became very sick with a terrible she lost her heari ng and her sight. She was called a ‘wild child’ becauseRead MoreHellen Keller Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesImagine what it would be like not being able to see or hear and trying to learn and be a kid. Author and speaker Helen Keller, lived her whole life with this struggle when a high fever left her deaf and blind at nineteen months of age. Take a peek into the life, education, and career of Helen Keller. (American Foundation for the Bind) Helen Keller didn’t start out with any problems. She was born a healthy child. Then, at nineteen months old she got a really high fever that could have been ScarletRead MoreMiddle Childhood Phase Of My Life875 Words   |  4 PagesMiddle Childhood Phase As Helen got older, her life obstacles she surpassed were being noticed by others and started to inspire others. She has reached that stage in life where she wanted to be more independent. At this age she started to write in her own and really just started to write papers. The first paper was assumed to be plagiarized. I have to say that this young lady fulfilled some big shoes shoes that I don t know if I could have filled. The middle childhood stages last forRead MoreThe Miracle Worker When pondering on life as not only a blind child but also a deaf child, one700 Words   |  3 Pagesonly a blind child but also a deaf child, one might say perception of the world and life is impossible. In the movie The Miracle Worker, Helen Keller was blind, deaf and mute since she had been a baby. Helen was incapable of communicating to anyone. The question, â€Å"do you think she had an accurate idea of color,† to me, is defined through her inability to know the difference between colors and physical appearance on objects certain colors, for instance the sun being yellow. Because Helen was blind andRead MoreAnne Sullivan: The Teacher of Helen Keller Essay543 Words   |  3 Pagesto the U.S during the Great Famine. Anne was only 8 years old when her mother contracted the virus Tuberculosis, and later died. Her father, being heart broke by Alices death, sent both of his children to live in Tewsbury at an Almshouse. The Almshouse want the best place to live. It was overcrowded and had over 940 people living there at one time. Being chronically underfunded, Anne didnt like living there much, but it was really the only place she knew as home. She had dreamed of getting outRead MoreHelen Keller an Astonishing Soldier in the Battle Against Blindness627 Words   |  3 PagesHelen Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Alabama. She was raised by her mother and father, Arthur Keller and Kate Adams. At a very young age keller was stricken with what they claim to have been either rubella or scarlet fever; as a result, Keller was left deaf and blind. Although, this led to challenges and raised many contradictions as to whether keller would live, but not only live but strive in life this was motivation to Keller. Even with all of the obstacles Helen faced , she wouldRead MoreThe Miracle Worker Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Miracle Worker† is a story in which a blind-deaf child with the name of Helen Keller learns to see and hear through words. From the story shown in both movie and book, this movie deserves a 4.5 rating for the fact that they show both the struggles of being blind and deaf, and how difficult teaching them is. The book and the movie are also good because they show how a woman known as Annie Sullivan, gets to meet and teach blind and deaf Helen Keller. This movie deserves the 4.5 stars, and everyone

Creative Writing Free Essays

To one of in particular they were more important, he clung to them like they were his own personal treasures we never understood why until he no longer came to see us on the summers. Looking up to the sky filled with the three moons shining down on the water’s edge with their dazzling rays of white, blue and green mixing into one of the water’s surface. I looked beside me at my companions, my friends and our own family. We will write a custom essay sample on Creative Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now They all stared up with the same expression as me, amazement. Pure and simple. It was unheard of, we never understood why or what was happening. Little did we know this night would change us for ever. There are five of us in total, me, my little sister Cherish, Julian, Ales and Sib. I’m the second older out of all of us, Sib being the first oldest at 13 years old, IM only a month younger than him myself. My name is Rain, with my long black hair and mature looking face, you’d think I was older however my immaturity gave me away often. Cherish is a year younger than but a lot smarter and kind, always helping those in need, you’d think she was my big sister not the other way around. Her long red curly hair she is by far the prettiest out of the two of us and also the favorite In the family. I don’t let that bother me though because even though they look on their veils and she never let It Influence her opinion of me. For this she Is my best friend and my sister. Julian is on my right. He is the same age as Cherish just a week older than her in fact. He is our best friend from our home village, Haven. With his wits, careless semi, blond hair and glasses, he could be considered a â€Å"hot nerd† in Cherries words. She’s ad a big crush on him forever and I myself don’t see the appeal, he’s Just Julian to me. Sadly, he never seems to notices her feelings even though he cares but never admits, I’m not going to tell them though. Next to Julian is Ales, we haven’t known him very long only about two-three week at that time. He was moody and alone so Cherish suggested we ask him to Join us, even though I was against It they went ahead anyway. No matter how much I didn’t Like him he still stayed with the group. I eventually grew accustomed to his moodiness but still he aggravated me for some no understandable reason. Sib Is sat down In front of the water’s edge actually totally casual about the whole situation. Sib is short for Sebastian but since I couldn’t pronounce it he let me call in his own world and went at his own pace or so it seemed. We didn’t know what happened until a couple months after the last summer. We never saw him again in person, but we all kept in touch through letters. Sib was to be the next lord of Brooklets, after that summer camp on his 13th he wasn’t allowed to attend again. His father had decided to bring his training forward as he had grown ill. He wrote to us every chance he got though. Times have changed. I’m now 18 years old and I’m the only one standing here besides the water’s edge, everyone has their own place where they belong. I know where I belong and it’s right here, though I have to leave for a while. There is something important that I have to do, not Just for me, for all of us. We only hear from hear from Ales every couple of months which saddens me, he hardly talks about his life or what he’s doing. Here I am alone, reading everyone’s letters for the last time, the sun hitting the jack of my neck with full force, that I have to cover myself with my Jacket, I curl up and let the breeze whoosh around me calmly, bringing my knees up to my chin. I sigh and stand, looking around me one last time, the trees are dancing and the whole place is alive with music all Joyous. I will with all my might that this one place remains untouched from the horrors that are about to arise all around. I turn my back, and walk to my car, looking back over my shoulder once last time, thinking to myself. Where did it all go wrong and why are we in the middle of it? How to cite Creative Writing, Papers Creative Writing Free Essays Emma’s creative writing ideas -Think creatively – Try not to use the first idea that comes into your head from a stimulus because chances are other people will have that same idea. If you are really stuck for ideas try changing time periods, set it in the future or the past, or a different country. Done to death ideas about belonging include the migrant experience and teenagers in school- if you can somehow twist these overused ideas into something unusual then they may be ok to use. We will write a custom essay sample on Creative Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now -Use sensory imagery! This is the fundamental rule for any good writing. Show us DON’T tell us! What can the protagonist see, hear, touch, taste, smell? -Don’t reveal everything immediately. Readers (markers included) LOVE suspense. Keep us guessing, include a twist and make sure to let the story unravel naturally. -Forget conventional story structures, be creative! Start with the complication or a flashback/forward. -Create distinct character voices- This is a vital element in storytelling. You are writing from the perspective of your character, NOT from your own. How would your character speak, or think? Great writers observe others to find true dialogue. Listen to people on the bus or in a cafe. Think about cadence, grammar, accents, and confidence when you are listening in on people. Sometimes less is more especially in dialogue labeling. E. g DO: â€Å"What’s that? † stammered John, furrowing his brow. DON’T: â€Å"What’s that? † said John. He was very nervous. Give the audience some credit, they should be able to work things out from the dialogue! Write back stories for your characters, you might never include the information in your story but at least you know you have created a 3D character. READ WHAT YOU HAVE WRITTEN OUTLOUD. This is a great way to hear if what you have written makes sense! Make sure your story relates to the stimulus. It is fine to preprepare a story but in an exam you must link it with the stimulus provided. Try to refer to the stimulus material a couple of times. Failure to link, WILL cost you marks. -If you feel like you are experiencing writers block when preparing a writing task at home, the best thing to do is WRITE. It is far better to write something, and it to be terrible, than write nothing at all. This is just a first draft! It’s easier to edit your story a few times over than to write one in a rush the night before. How to cite Creative Writing, Essay examples Creative writing Free Essays Trapped I’m standing out the front of the world’s scariest horror house, In universal Studios, Hollywood. Where I am about to enter through the entrance when my friend suggests that it’s not a very good idea, but shrug and say what could possibly happen besides being scared half to death. We enter. We will write a custom essay sample on Creative writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s dark, the walls feel close, there’s an awful smell to the place, as If someone has died inside. I feel nervous because I don’t know what’s coming in the distance, and I have what feels like a hundred butterflies flying around in my stomach. I can feel the hairs on my arms and on the back of my neck beginning to rise. I am getting cold chills down my spine. My heart rate is increasing, I feel as though my heart is beginning to rise out of my chest. We walk through, a chucks doll appears out from the frame cut out of the wall, my heart skips a beat and I don’t think much of it, it scares me a little and let out a scream, I think to myself this isn’t so bad after all, I think I spoke to soon. After that various horror film characters start Jumping out and appearing around corners as I alike through and I am beginning to freak out. Suddenly, I am cornered by what seems to be a very frightening clown. He has a large crack in his skull it seems to be as wide as the grand canyon, his face is all distorted and has open flesh wounds all over, his eyes are as black as the ace of spades, with black rings circling them, his outfit has been ripped and has blood all over it, his immense red nose is directly in front of mine. He seems to becoming closer and closer and I have no where else to go, so I crouch down and hope he’ll disappear as non as I drop to the floor In fear, he finally backs away and I try and make a run for It so I can get out as fast as possible. I run as fast as possible but I have come too room full of mirrors, I’m disorientated, I feel as though the whole room is spinning around me and don’t know which ways the way out, I start running towards the way I think is the exit but instead it’s a mirror, I run directly at it. I hit it with such force. Everything turns too blur and starts going In slow motion as If was in a dream. I feel pain miming from my mouth, my tongue make’s Its way to my two front teeth, but they don’t feel Like teeth anymore, more like sharp razors In my mouth, In this split second of a moment I finally realize what has happened, I’ve knocked half of my two front teeth out, I hold out my hand, and there lies half a tooth in a pool of blood, I freak out. I start to panic and I start screaming, it’s still pitch black inside, with hardly any light. People around me don’t understand what’s going on and they think I’m still scared, sees the blood pouring out of my nose and mouth and runs to get help. I continue screaming looking for a way out, I feel trapped, I feel claustrophobic, I’m in fear that another actor will come and frighten me, I bang on all the walls firmly pleading for someone to get me out, but it seems as though no one is listening and I feel as though I’m on my own. I have never felt or experienced this sensation before, and I am terrified. My friend finally comes back with an amusement park worker to escort me out, I feel safe with her by my side telling me she’ll get me out safely and that’ll everything will be okay. Walking along the wall, a werewolf Jumps out and attempts to scare me and succeeds, the amusement park worker firmly yells out to him to stop and he realizes that something is seriously wrong he stops and backs away into his spot. I’m in so much shock, I start to scream even louder. In front of me I can see a crack of a bright white light and its increasingly getting larger and larger and within a blink, I am escorted out, I am finally out and feel a sense of relief, as though a ghostly presence has disappeared, although my legs give way and I can not hysterically stand any longer, I drop to the steps close by and remove my hands from my mouth and nose, my hands are bright red from all the blood that has poured out. At this point I am still screaming, it’s a long, loud, piercing cry, I’m still in shock and can not believe what has Just happened, the worker hands me a handful of tissues and tells me to continue breathing. I am continuously screaming, with an endless flow of tears, I cry, with choking sobs, my eyes have gone red and puffy, my nose is still bleeding, blood seems to be flowing out. I have managed to calm myself down. I take a deep breath. How to cite Creative writing, Papers

Dsl Essay Research Paper DSL TECHNOLOGYWhether at free essay sample

Dsl Essay, Research Paper DSL TECHNOLOGY Whether at place or at work, at school or on the move, we all want more velocity from every service we choose to utilize. The theory goes that the greater the velocity of service bringing we obtain to run into our day-to-day needs # 8211 ; from food market shopping to information and amusement # 8211 ; the more leisure clip we can make for ourselves to bask. The fact is that in an accelerating universe, our outlooks and demands maintain surpassing the art of the possible and the consequence is defeat and emphasis. What we need is some acceleration of the entree engineerings to present that universe to us # 8211 ; and those speedier entree paths truly are merely around the corner -coming shortly to a telephone line near you in the signifier of DSL ( Digital Subscriber Line ) . Put merely, DSL gives the low and omnipresent Cu wires that run throughout the universe to supply POTS ( plain old telephone service ) , the capacity to direct tremendous volumes of informations at really high velocities. With DSL, it # 8217 ; s non merely a phone line, it # 8217 ; s a life style. Some DSLs do that in analogue with the standard voice service, all on the same line and at the same clip. Some deliver higher velocities or wider bandwidth # 8211 ; the more heavy the information you are directing, the wider the bandwidth you need for quality and rapid transmittal. Still others deliver higher capacity for downloading than for uploading informations. There is a whole portfolio of DSL engineerings coming on watercourse to fit user demands at place and at work. The new millenary is about to set a wholly new dimension into those telephone lines we have all come to take for granted. Already there are towns and metropoliss around the Earth which truly are wired for velocity with DSL. There are even whole states which are DSL-ed # 8211 ; like Singapore where ADSL on the phone lines have been given the capacity to present picture on demand. Here are the basic demands for a high velocity internet entree engineering that makes sense for consumers: + No particular equipment to install- and no demand for a 2nd phone line. For every place to put in a 2nd phone line for internet entree would be an unreasonable disbursal for the consumer, and a immense load for the phone system. An ideal solution would let usage of the same line for voice and internet entree at the same time. + Compatibility with bing PC # 8217 ; s. + Compatibility with bing phone web ; that is, no rewiring necessary. + Low cost. Consumer monetary value points should be comparable to bing parallel modems. + Available ASAP! ! That # 8217 ; s what DSL is all about. DSL is a recent invention that maximizes the bing Cu wire web by taking advantage of fresh bandwidth. You may besides hear of HDSL, HDSL-2, VDSL and many more DSL-based acronyms. Whatever the prefix, the message is basically the same: Digital subscriber line peers point to poi nt connexion over your bing telephone line for high-speed informations and/or voice. With DSL you are wired for velocity. This point to indicate connexion is a key to rush and to security of informations. It means that your informations connexion over a DSL service, like your telephone call, is a direct nexus between you and the other party. There is no line sharing, as there is on overseas telegram modem, to cut down the velocity of transmittal nor to put security of your information at hazard. And if you are routinely directing, sing or downloading dense informations # 8211 ; from artworks and exposure to music and picture cartridge holders or even PowerPoint presentations and databases # 8211 ; you will likely neer be happy until you have hooked up to the velocity and security of DSL engineerings. DSL has the right offer mix, and suppliers are detecting what their pricing programs should be. Still, all of this must suit the economic theoretical accounts of the characteristic concern or family in the United States. ADSL is the asymmetric version of DSL # 8211 ; offering differing upload and download velocities. This can present up to seven Mbits of informations per second from the web to the client ( downstream ) and up to 640 kbits from the client back to the web ( upstream ) , all while supplying voice communicating on the same Cu line at the same clip. Compare that with the standard 28 or 56k modem and you start to appreciate the difference DSL will do. Since few of us use Internet entree to direct earnestly big paperss but all of us use it to entree data-intense information such as web sites with heavy in writing content, this asymmetric service will more than run into most demands. GTE, shortly to be portion of Bell Atlantic, plans to offer DSL throughout their web. Their advertisement claims, with well more truth than Al Gore, to hold created the cyberspace. ( Their BBN division did, in fact, manage most of the early Internet architecture. ) They are already one of the largest cyberspace suppliers, including purveying the existent service delivered for most of the clients of AOL. Their anchor, which besides supports the much higher quality service they offer to concerns through BBN ( now called GTE Internetworking ) , stretches 12,000 stat mis in the United States and extends around the universe. By the terminal of the first one-fourth of 1999, service was provisioned in more than 400 cardinal offices. By the terminal of 1999, GTE plans to offer ADSL in more than 30 markets in 17 provinces, served by about 550 cardinal offices that support 10.1 million client entree lines # 8211 ; one of the state # 8217 ; s largest deployments of ADSL. Well, with GTE Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL ) Service you can hold improbably fast, # 8220 ; ever on # 8221 ; entree to the Internet, with connexion velocities up to 1.5 Mbps ( Mbits per second ) . That # 8217 ; s up to 50 times faster than 28.8K modems. With DSL, merely chink and you # 8217 ; re online. And the monetary value scope is from $ 32 to $ 215 depending on the services U may necessitate.